ePNM+nkuh esa vkfnoklh

iqjkus ikBdksa dks ;kn gksxk( dqN fnu igys geus blh I;kjh if=dk esa vius lekt ds ckjs xguiwoZd eaFku fd;k FkkA lekt ls xjhch dks tM+lewy u’V djus ds fy, geus fofHk™k igywvksa dh vksj utjsa nkSM+kbZ FkhA blh flyflys esa geus fo”ys’k.kkRed v/;;u djus okyksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡V fn;k FkkA blh ds rgr mu Jsf.k;ksa us gekjh xjhch ds fy, fofHk™k dkj.kksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjk;k FkkA tknqbZ psruk (Magical Consciousness) okyksa ds vuqlkj( os xjhch ds fy, HkkX; o rdnhj dks dksl jgs FksA muds erkuqlkj( vxj fdLer dks iyVuk gks] vxj HkkX; dks pedkuk gks] rks lqcg&”kke bZ”oj ls fourh&izkFkZuk djrs jgksA og vkidh xjhch dks vo”; nwj djsxkA pw¡fd ogh gS vkidk v™knkrk] ogh gS vkidk HkkX;fo/kkrkA cxSj mldh bPNk] tx esa isM+ dh ,d iÙkh Hkh ugha fgy ldrhA vr% xjhch dks tM+ lesr m[kkM+ Qsadus ds fy, lek/kku ds n`f’Vdks.k ls os Hkxoku ls lnSo izkFkZuk djrs jgus dh f”k{kk nsrs gSaA ij bldk urhtk D;k fudyrk gS\ yk[k lqfeju dj yks( ifj.kkeLo#i “kwU; ds vykos gkFk esa dqN ugha vkrk gSA uk gh HkkX; cnyrk gS vkSj uk gh xjhch feVrh gS( <kd ds ogh rhu ikrA nwljh Js.kh vFkkZr~ vd`f=e psruk (Naïve Consciousness) okyksa ds erkuqlkj( xjhcksa ds ikl iw¡th dh deh gSA /kukHkko ds dkj.k os dqN dj xqtjus ds dkfcy ugha gksrsA vxj mUgsa _.k eqgS;k djk fn;k tk,] rks xjhch vius vki ,d lsdsaM esa mM+uNw gks tk,xhA pan fnuksa ds vanj xjhc yksx vehjh dh lh<+h ij p<+rs gq, utj vk,axsA ij xjhcksa dks _.k iznku djus ls gksrk D;k gS\ blds ckjs vkius dHkh lkspk gS\ urhts ds rkSj ij xjhc yksxksa dk dqN Hkh Hkyk gksus ls rks jgkA gk¡] bruk t#j gksxk fd xjhc yksx _.k ds paxqy esa bl dnj Q¡l tk,axs fd os ftanxh Hkj m_.k ugha gks ldrsA ,sls dtZnkj cudj mHkjsaxs fd os rkmez chch&cPps lfgr xqykeh [kVus ds fy, etcwj gks tk,axsA rhljh Js.kh( vFkkZr~ ftls vki vkykspukRed psruk (Critical Consciousness) okyksa ds uke ls igpkurs gaSA muds erkuqlkj( vkidh xjhch dk vlyh dkj.k ;gh gS fd vkidks lajpuk ls oafpr fd;k x;k gS (Structural deprivation)A ml lajpuk esa vkidh dksbZ Hkkxhnkjh] dksbZ fgLlsnkjh ughaA lHkh rjg dh lajpuk ls vkidks foeq[k fd;k x;k gSA mik;Lo#i mudk er gS( ftl fnu Hkh orZeku lajpuk dks cny Mkyksxs] mlh fnu u, lekt dk mn; gksxk( tgk¡ vkids u, lekt esa [kqf”k;k¡ gh [kqf”k;k¡ gksaxhA vkids lekt esa cgkjksa ds Qwyksa dh cjlkr gksxhA vkSj bl rjg vkidh xjhch lnk&lnk ds fy, feV tk,xhA

ij vQlksl gS fd gekjs lekt ds Bsdsnkj] mijksDr nyhy ds egRo dks le>us dh ps’Vk gh ugha djrsA ;gh otg gS fd pkgs og lk/kkj.k O;fDr gksa] fdlh Hkh rjg ds lekt lq/kkjd vFkok jktuhfrK gksa( muds erkuqlkj & gekjk lekt dbZ rjg dh leL;kvksa ls tdM+k gqvk gS( ;Fkk & jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku dh deh] nok dh deh] chekjh] csjkstxkjh] xk¡o dh oSeuL;] vkilh I;kj dk vHkko] “kq) is;ty dk vHkko] vf”k{kk] lky esa flQZ ,d [ksrh] Mk;u izFkk] va/kfo”okl] pjkxkg dh leL;k] vius vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs vufHkKrk] ouksa dk mtkM+uk] flapkbZ dh deh] foLFkkiu] u”kkiku] vkj{k.k] MksfelkbZy] islk] ifjlheu] gklk&Hkk’kk] laLd`fr dh j{kk vkfnA bu leL;kvksa ds vykos vkSj Hkh dbZ ,slh leL;k,¡ gSa( ftuds lek/kku ds n`f’Vdks.k ls cgqr lkjs mik; >V ls lq>k, tkrs gSaA /;ku jgs( tc rd fdlh Hkh leL;k dh tM+ ugha [kksnh tkrh] tc rd muds ckjs xguiwoZd v/;;u ugha fd, tkrs] rc rd ml leL;k ds vlyh dkj.kksa dk irk ugha yx ikrk gSA rkRi;Z ;gh fd fdlh Hkh leL;k ds fujkdj.k ds fy,] mldh rg rd tkuk furkar t#jh gSA vDlj ns[kk x;k gS fd tc ge xjhch ds dkj.kksa dh leh{kk djrs gSa] rks y{k.kLo#i gesa rR{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa & Hkkstu dh deh] oL= dh deh] VwVs edku] foLFkkiu] flapkbZ dh vlqfo/kk] vf”k{kk] e|iku] va/kfo”okl vkfnA vkSj buds lek/kku ds n`f’Vdks.k ls tks Hkh lek/kku lq>k, tkrs gSa( muesa izeq[k gSa & f”k{kk dh deh dks nwj djuk] csjkstxkjh lekIr djuk] ,der gksuk] tkx#d gksuk] iw¡th dh O;oLFkk djuk vkfnA ysfdu vxj xguiwoZd bldh Nkuchu djsa] rks xjhch nwj djus ds #i esa tks Hkh lek/kku lq>k, tk jgs gSa] os drbZ lgh lek/kku ugha gSaA D;ksafd leL;k,¡ thfor gSa ,oa tks lek/kku lq>k, tk jgs gSa] os e`rizk; gSaA jksx dqN] nok dqNA D;k blls jksxh Bhd gks ldrk gS\ dnkfi ughaA tc rd jksx vkSj nok dk feyku ugha gksxk] rc rd dqN Hkh dj yks( jksxh dHkh Bhd ugha gks ldrkA gk¡] bruk t#j gks ldrk gS fd xyr nok ds mi;ksx ls jksxh dh gkyr vkSj Hkh T;knk fcxM+ ldrh gSA xyr nok ds mi;ksx djrs jgus ls gks ldrk gS] “kk;n jksxh dh e`R;q rR{k.k u gks] ij og ftanxh Hkj Hk;adj jksx ls ihfM+r gksus ds fy, etcwj gks tkrk gSA mlds ikl rM+i&rM+i dj ejus ds flok; vkSj dksbZ pkjk gh ugha cprk gSA

   xk¡o&?kj ls fudy dj jkT;] jk’Vª] ;gk¡ rd fd nqfu;k dh reke leL;kvksa dks laxzg dj ysaA mudh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fo”ys’k.kkRed v/;;u djsaA ;s leL;k,¡ fdl rjg vU; yksxksa@lekt ls lacaf/kr gSa\ ;s fdl rjg xjhcksa dks muds vf/kdkjksa vkSj laifÙk;ksa ls foeq[k djrs gSa\ “kks/k djus ij ge ikrs gSa fd fdlh Hkh rjg ds fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj@{kerk fdlds ikl gksrk gS\ fuf”pr rkSj ij lÙkk ftuds ikl gksrh gS] fu.kZ; ysus dk gd Hkh mUgha dks gh gSA vc loky mBrk gS fd lÙkk fduds ikl gksrh gS\ fuf”pr rkSj ij lÙkk vehj vkSj ckgqcfy;ksa dh tsc esa gksrh gSA bl orZeku ifjfLFkfr esa tgk¡ yksdra= esa pquko thrus ds fy, vikj /ku&cy dh vko”;drk gksrh gS] ogk¡ xjhcksa ds ikl QwVh dkSM+h Hkh miyC/k ughaA vr% laln] fo/kku lHkk dk pquko thruk rks nwj /ku&cy ds vHkko esa xjhc yksx iapk;r ds njokts rd Hkh igq¡pus ds fy, vleFkZ gSaA bl rjg fl) gks x;k fd ftlds gkFk esa ykBh gksrh gS] HkSal Hkh mlh dh gksdj jg tkrh gSA vFkkZr~ fu.kZ; ysus dh “kfDr flQZ vehj yksxksa ds ikl gksrh gSA xjhc yksxksa ds ikl bl rjg dh dksbZ “kfDr ughaA xjhcksa ds ikl fdlh rjg dk dksbZ lalk/ku ugha] muds ikl fdlh rjg dh dksbZ laifÙk Hkh ughaA tc fd vehjksa ds ikl gtkj rjg ds lalk/ku miyC/k gksrs gSaA vkSj tgk¡ laifÙk gksa] tgk¡ vikj /ku gksa] rks os lc dqN [kjhn ldus dh {kerk Hkh j[krs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd dkuwu vkSj vf/kdkj dks [kjhnuk( vehjksa ds fy, ck,¡ gkFk dk [ksy gks x;k gSA bl rjg ;g fuf”pr gS fd xjhc yksx vkSj Hkh xjhc gksrs tkrs gSaA os viuh Hkkxhnkjh] vFkZ] vf/kdkj vkSj lÙkk ls oafpr gksrs tkrs gSaA blds ofuLir vehj yksx /ku] vf/kdkj] lalk/ku] laifÙk] foykflrk laca/kh lkjh vko”;drk,¡ Vªdksa esa Hkj Hkjdj viuh HkaMkj.k {kerk dks c<+krs tkrs gSaA vkSj eax# ds ikl\ vxj eax# ds ikl dqN gksxk rks] mldh tsc esa <sj lkjs vU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj ds flok vkSj dqN u feysxkA okg jh nqfu;k!

   vkb,( mijksDr dkj.kksa ds Åij BaMs fnekx ls dqN eaFku djus dh dksf”k”k djsaA dkSu ls os dkj.k ,oa “kfDr;k¡ gSa( tks “kks’k.k] Hkz’Vkpkj vkSj orZeku lajpukRedrk ls oafpr gksus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrh gSa\ y{k.k] dkj.k vkSj lek/kku ds varj esa D;k QdZ gS\ eaFku djus ds mijkar dÙkkZ] dkjd vkSj tks dkj.k le> esa vkrk gS] og ;gh fd tehu] laifÙk] U;k;] vf/kdkj vkSj viuh Hkkxhnkjh ls oafpr gksuk gh vkf[kjdkj xjhch gSA buds vykos xjhch ds vkSj Hkh dbZ dkj.k gks ldrs gSa( ;Fkk egktuh] fcpkSfy;s] ukSdj”kkg] iw¡thifrA bu rF;ksa dks vPNh rjg le>us ds fy, bu lokyksa dks en~nsutj j[krs gq, [kqyh cgl dh t#jr gSA bl xjhch dh “kq#vkr dc vkSj dSls gqbZ\ D;k “kks’k.k@Hkz’Vkpkj@vU;k; vkfndky ls ekStwn gS\ D;k l`f’V ds izkjaHk ls gh lekt vehj&xjhc] Å¡p&uhp] “kks’kd&”kksf’kr] tkr&ikr vkfn oxksZa esa foHkkftr gS\ fdl rjg vkSj D;ksa ;g O;oLFkk vHkh rd tkjh gS\ [kqyh cgl lai™k gksus ds i”pkr~ lkekftd lajpuk dk tks bfrgkl mHkjdj lkeus izdV gksrk gS( og dqN bl rjg gS %&

lektoxhZdj.k	vkfndkyhu lekt(Primitive Society)	nklizFkk lekt(Slavery Society)	lkearoknh lekt(Feudalism Society)	iw¡thoknh lekt(Capitalistic Society)
jktuhfrd	O;kso`) eqf[k;k]loZlEefr ls fu.kZ;] lHkh dh Hkkxhnkjh (L=h&iq#’k)izR;{k iztkra=]lkeqnkf;dlqj{kk O;oLFkkA	nkl&ekfydiqjkfgr] cqf)thoh] jkT;] fir`ra=] lsuk] vfHktkr ra=]FkksM+s yksxksa }kjk cgqtuksa ij vf/kiR;] lcds fy, vf/kdkj ugha] ekfyd ds ikl lc rjg dh jktuhfrd “kfDr] ftldh ykBh] mldh HkSalA	jktk & ea=h vkSj iqjksfgr }kjk “kklu] /keZ & izHkko”kkyh] ;q)] efgykvksa ij fu;a=.kA	izfrfuf/kRo iztkra=] jktuhfrd ikfVZ;k¡] vQlj”kkgh] lsuk] iqfyl] jk’Vª] jkT;A O;kogkfjd n`f’V ls fu.kZ; ysus dh “kfDr vehjksa ds ikl gksrh gSA
vkfFkZd	lkewfgd laifÙk]f”kdkj]lap;u] d`f’k] i”kq/ku] ykSg] ouksit] /kuq’k] ck.k] Hkkyk] izR;{k fofue;A	ekfydksa dk LokfeRo@d`f’k ij fu;a=.k] ikuh] Hkwfe] mRiknu vkSj laifÙkAnkl dks laifÙk ij vf/kdkj ugha] fctyh ds fy, ikuh] edku fuekZ.k gsrq iRFkj] ryokj] Hkkyk] yksgk] psu] lksuk] [kuuA	flapkbZ] tgkt] >ksiM+h] y?kq vkSj cM+s O;olk;] jktk ds fy, etnwjh] xjhc yksx etnwjh djrs gSa vkSj vehj yksx bldk ykHk mBkrs gSaA	LokfeRo dk vf/kdkj iw¡thifr;ksa@vehjksa ds iklAlkSnkxj] etnwj] e”khuksa dk bLrseky] dkj] jsyosA foLQksVd] foÙk] ,dkf/kdkj] cSafdax] cgqjk’Vªh; daifu;k¡] ykHkdkjh mRiknu] izfr;ksfxrk & cktkjA
lkaLd`frd	lekurk] lHkh ds fgr] fgLlsnkjh] lkewfgd euksjatu] izd`fr iwtk] ekuoh; /kkfeZdrk] igukok (tkuoj dh [kky & iÙks)A	oxZ foHkktu&nkl vkSj ekfydA“kks’k.k] os”;ko`fÙk] laLd`fr oxZ&laLd`fr flQZ ekfydksa ds fy,]ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡ (nsoh@nsork)] dfo;ksaA	vlekurk] “kks’k.k] lekt fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkDr gS] laLd`fr izn”kZu djus dh pht cu xbZA	O;fDrokn] miHkksDrkokn] vusd /keZ ij /keZfujis{k] ykHkdkjh mn~ns”;] oxZ & vehj vkSj xjhc] dkuwu dk vkns”k] lHkh laLd`fr;ksa dk cktkjhdj.kA laLd`fr dk vFkZ dekbZ@thfodk dk lk/kuA

   mijksDr rkfydk ij vxj xkSj Qjek;k tk,] rks ge ikrs gSa fd ekuo lH;rk vkfn lekt ls pydj vc iw¡thoknh lekt ij vkdj Bgj&lh xbZ gS] tgk¡ vlekurk] oxZHksn] Hkz’Vkpkj] “kks’k.k vkfn ekStwn gSaA lHkh vf/kdkj (jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLd`frd) vehj@iw¡thifr;ksa us gM+i j[kk gSA vehj yksx vehj gksrs tk jgs gSa ,oa xjhc yksx xjhc gksrs tk jgs gSaA dksbZ Hkh (“kfDr] bTtr] dkuwu] laLd`fr vkfn) iSls ds cy ij [kjhns tk ldrs gSaA pw¡fd vFkZ”kfDr loksZijh gSA lHkh ij vFkZ dk fu;a=.k gSA xjhc yksxksa dks U;k; vkSj vf/kdkj ls oafpr fd;k x;k gSA ;g iw¡thoknh izxfr gSA D;k ge bls og izxfr dg ldrs gSa( tgk¡ yksxksa dks jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku dh deh gS\ D;k ;g okLrfod izxfr gS( tgk¡ vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd vlekurk gS\ volj feyk rks bl ckjs fQj dHkh foLrkj ls ppkZ gksxhA

   foxr vad esa geus xgjkbZ ls Nkuchu djus dh fof/k lh[kh FkhA dksbZ Hkh ?kVuk ?kfVr gksus ds ihNs dksbZ u dksbZ oSKkfud dkj.k gksrk gSA blh flyflys esa vxj vkt Hkh nqfu;k okyksa ls iwNk tk, fd eysfj;k gksus dk ewy dkj.k D;k gS\ >V ls nqfu;k cksy mBsxh fd eysfj;k gksus dk dkj.k ePNM+ gSA os rdZ nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ePNM+ dkVus ls eysfj;k gksrk gSA Åijh lrg ls ns[kus ij ;g rdZ lR; izrhr gksrk gSA ysfdu vxj eysfj;k gksus dk dkj.k xgjkbZ ls Nkuchu djsa] rks ;g dkj.k lp ugha] vlR; gSA vkSj gekjs rFkkdfFkr lekt lq/kkjd] jktuhfrK vkfn uhe gdhe [krjs tku dks lp lkfcr djrs gq, v¡/ksjs esa rhj pyk nsrs gSaA ;gh otg gS fd gekjk lekt lq/kjus ds ctk; vkSj Hkh [kjkc fLFkfr dh vksj vxzlj gSA eysfj;k ls cpus ds fy, uhe gdhe ljh[ks lekt lq/kkjd dHkh xqMukbZV] vkWyvkmV yxkus dh lykg nsrs gSa] dHkh vksMksekWl yxkus dh fgnk;r nsrs gSa] dHkh ekWVZu] dNqvk Nki tykus dh lh[k nsrs gSa] rks dHkh ?kj esa /kqvk¡ djokrs gSaA bruk dqN djus ds ckotwn Hkh yksx eysfj;k ls ihfM+r gksrs jgrs gSaA vkSj ;gh gky jgk rks yksx vkthou eysfj;k ls ihfM+r gksrs jgsaxsA vkSj rks vkSj dqN mPpdksfV ds lekt lq/kkjd gSa( tks xgu fo”ys’k.k ds ckn yksxksa dks eysfj;k ls cpus ds fy, ePNM+nkuh yxkus dh vuq”kalk djrs gSaA mudh ;g nyhy lkS Qhlnh xyr gSA vki crkvks( ;g rks lgh gS fd ePNM+ksa dks ekjus ds fy, ePNM+nkuh dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A ysfdu lPpkbZ Bhd blds foijhr gSA pw¡fd nqfu;k ds reke ePNM+ fojks/kh yksx tkus vutkus ePNM+ dks ePNM+nkuh esa u Q¡lkdj [kqn dks gh ml ePNM+nkuh esa Q¡lk nsrs gSaA gS u ;g nqfu;k dk vkBok¡ vk”p;Z! bldk ukedj.k ePNM+nkuh u gksdj bldk uke ekuonkuh gksuk pkfg, FkkA

   esjs nksLr! nqfu;k dh gjdr dks vPNh rjg le>us ds fy, vk¡[ksa QkM+dj mls ns[kus dh dksf”k”k djksA ;kn j[kks( nqfu;k tSls fn[krh gS] og oSlh gS ughaA mijksDr mnkgj.k dks gh ns[k yksA uke gS ePNM+nkuh (Mosquito net) ij ml tky esa eysfj;k ls cpus ds fy, ml tky@nkuh esa dkSu ?kqlrk gS\ fuf”pr rkSj ij ml tky esa ePNM+ ugha ekuo ?kqlrs gSaA vxj vkykspukRed n`f’V ls eysfj;k gksus ds dkj.kksa dh [kkstchu djsa] rks ge ikrs gSa fd eysfj;k gksus dk ewy dkj.k ePNM+ ugha vkSj dqN gSA ;g lgh gS fd ePNM+ dkVus ls gh eysfj;k gksrk gSA ij vki tSls] eq> tSls lekt lq/kkjd eysfj;k ls cpus ds fy, xqMukbZV --- ;gk¡ rd fd dksbZ rks ePNM+nkuh yxkus dh flQkfj”k djrs gSaA ;g dVq lR; gS fd j{kkRed (Defensive) [ksy [ksyus ls dHkh dksbZ eSp ugha thrk tk ldrkA ;kn j[kks( eSp thrus ds fy, ges”kk vkdzked (Offensive) [ksy [ksyus dh t#jr gSA rHkh xksy gks ldrk gS] rHkh fot;h ?kksf’kr gks ldrs gksA ij eysfj;k ls cpus ds fy, geus vHkh rd j{kkRed [ksy gh [ksyk gSA vkSj bl j{kkRed [ksy ds pDdj esa gekjh fojks/kh Vhe & ePNM+] gekjs Åij nuknu xksy fd, tk jgh gSA og mUeqDr jgdj gekjs Åij vkdze.k fd, tk jgh gSA ;kn j[kks( vki tSls ewj[k vkfnoklh] j{kkRed [ksy ds pDdj esa ePNM+ ls cpus ds fy, ges”kk gh ePNM+nkuh esa ?kqldj vkjke Qjek jgs gSaA xgjkbZ ls Nkuchu djus ds mijkar lkQ irk pyrk gS fd eysfj;k gksus dk ewy dkj.k ePNM+ ugha gS( ij ewy dkj.k gS( tgk¡ ePNM+ksa dh l`f’V gks jgh gSA vFkkZr~ ftl txg ij ePNM+ksa dh iSnkbZl gks jgh gS] ml txg dks gh vxj fo?oal fd;k tk, rks u jgsxk ck¡l vkSj u ctsxh ck¡lqjhA vFkkZr~ eysfj;k uke dh dksbZ pht u jg tk,xhA

   vr% esjs I;kjs nksLr! eysfj;k vkSj xjhch ds mnkgj.k esa dksbZ T;knk QdZ ughaA ftl rjg eysfj;k ls cpus ds fy, ePNM+ksa dk clsjk vFkkZr~ xans LFkku] >kM+] taxy vkfn dh lQkbZ t#jh gS] mlh rjg xjhch ls cpus ds fy, orZeku lajpuk dk uk”k gksuk t#jh gSA tc rd lajpuk dk uk”k ugha gksxk] tc rd orZeku <k¡ps dks ugha cnyksxs] rc rd vkidh m™kfr vlaHko gSA ;gk¡ ;g jgL; Li’V gks tkuk pkfg, fd ePNM+ksa ls cpus ds fy, nqfu;k xqMukbZV ls ysdj u tkus D;k&D;k mik; dj jgh gS\ ij ;g lksyg vkus lR; gS fd ge vkfnoklh ePNM+ksa (vU;k;] vR;kpkj] “kks’k.k] Hkz’Vkpkj vkfn) ds Mj ls ePNM+nkuh esa ?kqls gq, gSaA vki crkvks( ePNM+nkuh esa ?kqls jgus ls D;k ePNM+ksa ds iztuu LFky dk fo/oal gks ldrk gS\ D;k ml ePNM+ mRiknu QSDVªh dk uk”k gks ldrk gS( tgk¡ ,d eknk ePNM+ izfrfnu gtkj ePNM+ksa dks tUe nsrh gS\ /;ku jgs( ,d ePNM+ gtkj vkfnokfl;ksa dks fgtM+k cuk nsrk gSA vr% gs n;k ds ik= vkfnoklh! le; jgrs psr tkvksA ePNM+nkuh esa vkjke Qjekus ls dksbZ Qk;nk ughaA j{kkRed [ksy ugha] vkdzked [ksy [ksyus dh dyk esa ikjaxr gksvksA vr% gs eax# ds oa”ktks! vc oDr vk x;k gS( ePNM+nkuh ls ckgj fudy vkvksA ePNM+ksa ds lkezkT; dks [kRe djus ds fy,] mlds jkt ij gh vkdze.k dj nksA fo/oal dj nks jktxn~nh] rgl&ugl dj nks mldk jktflagkluA rHkh gksxk eqLdku fy, u, lekt dk mn;A rHkh gksxh vkidh xjhch mM+uNw] rHkh gksxh vkidh m™kfr] rHkh vkidh HkykbZ laHko gSA  r